The limited research that exists suggest the same is true for trans people ( Roch et al, 2010 Bornstein et al, 2006). Our findings show that DVA, as a wide range of behaviours that make up intimate terrorism and coercive control, can be a feature of same sex relationships and that it can be experienced in very similar ways across same sex sexualities, whether lesbian, gay male, bisexual, or male or female homosexual. Domestic violence and abuse in same sex relationships: similarities, differences and the role of gender Where appropriate, we highlight when findings also have relevance for those in trans relationships. In this chapter we therefore outline a new version of the Wheel, the COHSAR Power and Control Wheel, which can be used in practice with all victims/survivors of DVA regardless of sexuality or gender. Some of our previous research has shown that the Power and Control Wheel ( Pence and Shephard, 1999) can be very effective in enabling individuals to identify and name the DVA they are experiencing, whether as an early intervention tool or as risk increases ( Hester and Westmarland, 2006/7) however this approach has shortcomings in relation to same sex DVA and in recognising the impact of practices of love on DVA across sexuality and gender.

In this concluding chapter we revisit our main findings and themes and discuss how they can help in developing best practice in the provision of services for those experiencing DVA in both same-sex and heterosexual relationships.

Power and control wheel emotional abuse